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Galileo Galilei was born on February 15, 1564 in Pisa, Italy. Galileo pioneered "experimental scientific method," and was the first to use a refracting telescope to make important astronomical discoveries. In 1604 Galileo learned of the invention of the telescope in Holland. From the barest description he constructed a vastly superior model. With it he made a series of profound discoveries, including the moons of planet Jupiter and the phases of the planet Venus (similar to those of …

…visos mortalibus orbes Mostravit, parvo fragilis molimine vitri Ausa prior facinus, cui non Titania quondam Sufficit pubes congestis montibus altis Nequidquam superas conata ascendere in arces. Thomas Perellius (This is the finger with which the illustrious hand covered the heavens and indicated their immense space. It pointed to new stars with the marvellous instrument, made of glass, and revealed them to the senses. And thus it was able to reach what Titania could never attain).