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Sigmund Freud, an Austrian born during the Habsburg Monarchy, was one of the trailblazers of modern-day psychology. The american historiam william johnston sees freud, the father of psychoanalysis, among those personalities 'that one made austria a shining example of modernism in a world that had lost orientation.' In his function as a neuropathologist freud came to realize that he had no clear understanding of neurotic patterns despite his throrough studies of the human brain. …

…in the individual person - the precondition for a reatively free life. According to Freud, failing to achieve self-awareness was not so much caused by the natural impulses as by the bad conscience accumulated. Sigmund Freud was also a great critic of many parameteres of Europe's cultural traditions. He himself never saw psychoanalysis as a dogmatic but rather as a empirici method. Freud was always open for new insights and theoretcal explanations for mental processes.